Journal of Materials Science & Technology 206 (2025) 176–184 

Phase formation mechanism of Cr₂AlC MAX phase coating: In-situ TEM characterization and atomic-scale calculations

Guanshui Ma#, Haichen Wu#, Zhi Fang, Xiaohui Zhou, Rende Chen, Wei Yang, Jiayue Zhang, Zhenyu Wang*, Aiying Wang*

Cr₂AlC, a representative MAX phase, gains increasing attention for the excellent oxidation tolerance and corrosion resistance used in harsh high temperature and strong radiation environments. However, the lack of the phase formation mechanism has become the key bottleneck to the practical applications for Cr₂AlC synthesis with high purity at low temperatures. In this work, we fabricated the amorphous Cr–Al–C coating by a hybrid magnetron sputtering/cathodic arc deposition technique, in which the in-situ heating transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was conducted in a temperature range of 25–650 °C to address the real-time phase transformation for Cr₂AlC coating. The results demonstrated that increas- ing the temperature from 25 to 370 °C led to the structural transformation from amorphous Cr–Al–C to the crystalline Cr₂Al interphases. However, the high-purity Cr₂AlC MAX phase was distinctly formed at 500 °C, accompanied by the diminished amorphous feature. With the further increase of temperature to 650 °C, the decomposition of Cr₂AlC to Cr₇C₃ impurities was observed. Similar phase evolution was also evidenced by the Ab-initio molecular dynamics calculations, where the bond energy of Cr–Cr, Cr–Al, and Cr–C played the key role in the formed crystalline stability during the heating process. The observa- tions not only provide fundamental insight into the phase formation mechanism for high-purity Cr₂AlC coatings but also offer a promising strategy to manipulate the advanced MAX phase materials with high tolerance to high-temperature oxidation and heavy ion radiations. 

URL：https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2024.03.037